Using limiters correctly in audio production
What is a limiter?
A Limiter is essentially a compressor with an extremely high ratio – usually 10:1 to ∞:1. This ensures that peak levels do not exceed a defined value. Unlike normal compression, the signal is immediately reduced significantly when the threshold is exceeded.
The limiter is often:
on the sum channel in mixing
at the end of Mastering-Chain
in Broadcast or live stream setups for level control
Well-known manufacturers like Fab Filter, Waves, Brainworx or Better maker offer software and hardware solutions with similar parameters.
What is a brickwall limiter?
A Brickwall Limiter goes one step further: He lets no Level peaks exceeding the specified threshold. This is achieved through a lookahead function (delay) that analyzes the signal before it is output.
(I.e. Important: Because of the short latency, a brickwall limiter is suitable not availabe for live use. Musicians could lose their timing due to the delay.
Brickwall limiting is often used:
for preparing streaming/MP3 files
as the final stage in mastering
in loud genres (EDM, Pop, Trap)
Important parameters for the limiter
Threshold
The Threshold (Threshold) determines the level at which the signal is limited. In mastering, this is often -0,4 dBFSto be at the conversion in 16-Bit or MP3 no Clipping-Artifacts risk.
Attack
The Attack time defines how quickly the limiter intervenes.
Short attack times (e.g. 1–5 ms) can destroy transients → loss of punch
Longer times (e.g. 10–20 ms) preserve the impulses, but risk overshoots
➡️ A good starting value is between 5 and 20 ms - Adjust by ear!
Release
The Release time controls how quickly the limiter releases again.
Long (approx. 200 ms) at a constant level (e.g. EDM)
Short in dynamic passages (e.g. jazz, acoustic)
🎧 Tip: Watch out for “pumping” or “slushing” – both signs of incorrect release times.
➡️ For an exact calculation use the
👉 Release time calculator from Peak-Studios
Soft Knee – Gentle intervention
The Knee influences how abruptly the limiter intervenes:
Hard knee: sharp transition → precise but audible intervention
Soft knee: smooth transition → more musical, unobtrusive
Many modern limiters offer a variable knee – for more audio fidelity when limiting. Settings depend on the genre and by ear make.
Where is a limiter used?
Limiters are used in many scenarios:
| Area | Purpose |
|---|---|
| mixing | Limitation to group tracks, e.g., drums |
| Mastering | Maximum loudness without clipping |
| Broadcast | Compliance with broadcasting standards |
| Live | Protection of the PA system (no brickwall) |
🚫 Attention: Excessive limiting can cause unwanted side effects:
Clipping despite limiter (with incorrect attack/release)
Emphasis on resonance frequencies
loss of dynamics and punch
💡 Good mix = less limiting needed. The limiter often shows where weaknesses in the mix lie.
Conclusion: Use limiters correctly
A well-adjusted limiter can give your mix or master the final touches without destroying the sound. Keep settings moderate, mix down cleanly, and use your hearing as the final authority.
➡️ You want to have your tracks professionally mastered?
Book online mastering at Peak-Studios now!
FAQ – Frequently asked questions about the limiter
What is the difference between a limiter and a compressor?
A limiter has a higher ratio and has a stronger effect on peak levels, while a compressor works more dynamically.
What is the best threshold value in mastering?
A value of -0,3 to -0,4 dBFS prevents clipping during format conversion.
What does brickwall limiting mean?
It guarantees that no signal exceeds the specified level – ideal for maximum loudness.
When should you use a limiter?
A limiter is used at the end of mastering or on group tracks to control peak levels and avoid clipping.
What is the difference between hard and soft knee on the limiter?
Hard Knee intervenes abruptly, while Soft Knee limits the signal more gently – for more musical results.
How does excessive limiting affect the mix?
Limiting too harshly can cut off transients, destroy dynamics, and amplify unwanted resonances.
What is Lookahead in the Brickwall Limiter?
Lookahead means that the limiter analyzes the signal with a minimal delay in order to limit level peaks before the output.
Can you use a limiter live?
In the live area, simple limiters are possible, but brickwall limiters with lookahead cause latency and are unsuitable.
